Effectiveness of Wish and Drive Method Education in Improving Knowledge and Participation in Cervical Cancer Screening Using Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) among Women of Reproductive Age
Abstract
Background: Cervical cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality among women, particularly in developing countries, and can be detected early through Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) screening. However, low knowledge and participation rates among women of reproductive age (WRA) remain major challenges. This study aimed to determine the effect of education using the wish and drive method on knowledge and participation in cervical cancer early detection. Methods: This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group approach. A total of 60 respondents were selected using purposive sampling and divided into intervention and control groups. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire to assess knowledge and a checklist to measure participation in VIA screening. Data analysis was conducted using univariate and bivariate tests, including the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann–Whitney U test. Results: The intervention group showed a significant increase in knowledge, with the proportion of “good” knowledge rising from 26.7% to 86.7%, while the control group experienced a decrease from 36.7% to 23.3%. Participation in VIA screening in the intervention group increased from 43.3% to 70%, compared to a slight increase in the control group from 40% to 43.3%. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences in both knowledge (p = 0.000) and participation (p=0.002) after the intervention. Conclusions: Education using the wish and drive method effectively improves knowledge and participation in cervical cancer early detection among WRA. This method is recommended for implementation in community-based health promotion programs to enhance screening uptake and preventive health behavior.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2024;74(3):229-263. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834
Meza Ramirez CA, Greenop M, Almoshawah YA, Martin Hirsch PL, Rehman IU. Advancing cervical cancer diagnosis and screening with spectroscopy and machine learning. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics. 2023;23(5):375-390. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737159.2023.2203816
Bengtsson E, Malm P. Screening for cervical cancer using automated analysis of PAP-smears. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2014;2014:842037. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/842037
Mustafa MS, Jindal AK, Singh P. Visual Inspection using Acetic Acid for Cervical Cancer in Low Resource Settings. Medical Journal Armed Forces India. 2010;66(4):382-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-1237(10)80024-3
David J, Joshi V, Jebin Aaron D, Baghel P. A Comparative Analysis of Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid, Cervical Cytology, and Histopathology in the Screening and Early Detection of Premalignant and Malignant Lesions of the Cervix. Cureus. 2022;14(9):e29762. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.29762
Wardani NNHG, Wijaya MI. A study of cervical cancer screening at Puskesmas Gianyar I based on the social ecological model. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Masyarakat: Media Komunikasi Komunitas Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2025;17(3):120–129. https://doi.org/10.52022/jikm.v17i3.789.
Widayanti DM, Qomaruddin MB, Irawandi D. Mother's knowledge and attitudes towards Visual Acetate Acid Inspection test in Surabaya. Journal of Public Health Research. 2020;9(2):1815. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1815
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Care Services; Committee on Health Care Utilization and Adults with Disabilities. Health-Care Utilization as a Proxy in Disability Determination. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500097/ (Accessed on 15 Jan 2026)
Wilailak S, Kengsakul M, Kehoe S. Strategic approaches for global cervical cancer elimination: An update review and call for national action. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2025;171(Suppl 1):120-128. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.70276
Brame CJ. Effective Educational Videos: Principles and Guidelines for Maximizing Student Learning from Video Content. CBE—Life Sciences Education. 2016;15(4):es6. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.16-03-0125
van den Broek T. Early-Life Circumstances, Health Behavior Profiles, and Later-Life Health in Great Britain. Journal of Aging and Health. 2021;33(5-6):317-330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264320981233
Zajacova A, Lawrence EM. The Relationship Between Education and Health: Reducing Disparities Through a Contextual Approach. Annual Review of Public Health. 2018;39:273-289. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628
Silver SR, Sweeney MH, Sanderson WT, Pana-Cryan R, Steege AL, Quay B, Carreón T, Flynn MA. Assessing the role of social determinants of health in health disparities: The need for data on work. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2024;67(2):129-142. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.23557
Tekalegn Y, Sahiledengle B, Woldeyohannes D, Atlaw D, Degno S, Desta F, Bekele K, Aseffa T, Gezahegn H, Kene C. High parity is associated with increased risk of cervical cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Women's Health. 2022;18:17455065221075904. https://doi.org/10.1177/17455065221075904
Sella F, Raz G, Kadosh RC. When randomisation is not good enough: Matching groups in intervention studies. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. 2021;28:2085–2093. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-01970-5
Alyafei A, Easton-Carr R. The Health Belief Model of Behavior Change. 2024. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026.
Azadi NA, Ziapour A, Mohammadkhah F, Darabi F, Yoosefi Lebni J, Chaboksavar F, Yıldırım M, Kianipour N. Effects of an Educational Health Belief Model Program on Promoting Preventive Behaviors for Breast Cancer Among Women in Iran. Journal of Patient Experience. 2025;12. https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735251341719
Mohammed E, Taye G, Assefa M, Adamu Addissie, Jemal A. Effect of Health Education on Cervical Cancer Screening Uptake and Knowledge among Target Women in Addis Ababa: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cancer Prevention Research. 2025;18(12):769-779. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-25-0188
Chowdhury S, Alzarrad A. Advancing Community-Based Education: Strategies, Challenges, and Future Directions for Scaling Impact in Higher Education. Trends in Higher Education. 2025;4(2):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/higheredu4020021
Mariño JM, Nunes LMP, Ali YCMM, Tonhi LDC, Salvetti MG. Educational interventions for cervical cancer prevention: a scoping review. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76(5):e20230018. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0018
Zarei F, Dehghani A, Ratansiri A, Ghaffari M, Raina SK, Halimi A, Rakhshanderou S, Isamel SA, Amiri P, Aminafshar A, Mosavi Jarrahi A. ChecKAP: A Checklist for Reporting a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) Study. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2024;25(7):2573-2577. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2024.25.7.2573
Alyafei A, Easton-Carr R. The Health Belief Model of Behavior Change. 2024 May 19. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2026. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK606120/ (Accessed on 15 Jan 2026)
Seyrafi N, Homayuni A, Hosseini Z, Aghamolaei T, Ghanbarnejad A, Mouseli A. Effectiveness of educational intervention on women's participation to cervical cancer screening: a quasi-experimental study based on PEN-3 model. BMC Cancer. 2022;22(1):1226. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-10331-x
Wu S, Chalela P, Ramirez AG. Changes in knowledge and awareness for a community-based cancer screening educational program. Archives of Public Health. 2023;81(1):130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-023-01144-w
Cham H, Lee H, Migunov I. Quasi-experimental designs for causal inference: an overview. Asia Pacific Education Review. 2024;25:611–627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-024-09981-2
Devi S, Joshi S. The Effect of Multimodal Interventions Regarding Early Cervical Cancer Diagnosis on the Women's Knowledge, Attitude and Participation in Cervical Screening Program. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 2023;24(11):3949-3956. https://doi.org/10.31557/APJCP.2023.24.11.3949
Zhang M, Sit JWH, Chan DNS, Akingbade O, Chan CWH. Educational Interventions to Promote Cervical Cancer Screening among Rural Populations: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(11):6874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116874
Zhang M, Sit JWH, Chan DNS, Akingbade O, Chan CWH. Educational Interventions to Promote Cervical Cancer Screening among Rural Populations: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(11):6874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116874
Vernon M, Coughlin SS, Tingen M, Jones S, Heboyan V. Cancer health awareness through screening and education: A community approach to healthy equity. Cancer Medicine. 2024;13(13):e7357. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.7357
Mariño JM, Nunes LMP, Ali YCMM, Tonhi LDC, Salvetti MG. Educational interventions for cervical cancer prevention: a scoping review. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem. 2023;76(5):e20230018. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2023-0018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33846/hd30303
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Health Dynamics || Open Access Journal || Online version only || Publisher: Knowledge Dynamics || ISSN: 3006-5518 (online) || Contact: healthdynamics.journal@gmail.com; +8801814901991; +6282136364408